Representation of Gender in Prime Suspect Helen Mirrens...

In the clip of Prime Suspect, gender is represented in many ways using mise en scene and camera movement. One way camera movement is used to show gender is during the scene when the Super is telling his team that their investigation is going to be led by a woman. The camera pans around the room depicting the officer’s reactions, all of which are men. This camera movement coupled with the unhappy reactions from all the men in the room shows us that this is a man’s world and that Helen Mirren’s character will struggle to be taken seriously. Another example of gender through camera movement is after Helen Mirren’s character is told that she has got the job. The clip starts with a shot of the Commander sign on the door, that she then opens†¦show more content†¦In conclusion, gender is represented well and often in this extract in order for the audience to understand how difficult it is for Helen Mirren’s character to function well in this world. It is depicted particularly well through the use of camera movement and proximity between

Ethics and Employees - 778 Words

1. Discuss how a CIO might handle Schrage’s scenario using the suggested process for ethical decision making presented in this chapter. Based on Schrage’s first scenario, the problem would be: â€Å"If the CRM will completed, what would happen to the current employees?† As such, that should be the focus of the CIO. There is still no guarantee that there would be mass layoff, but only a possibility. Therefore, the CIO needs to discuss with its employees the possible scenarios and identify what method of action should be taken for each of the scenarios. One possible scenario is that the mass layoff is inevitable, what would the company do? One solution would be is to assign those who were laid off from their current job to other areas in the†¦show more content†¦In the second scenario, choosing to disclose the information would be the correct choice since it reflects the virtue ethics approach. Of course, there would be no action that would produce only beneficial results. On a short-term notice, if the information is disclosed, there could be there is the possibility of the boss creating a hind rance or being the hindrance himself. However, one must focus on long term results, if the information was disclosed, trust if cultivated among the employees. It would also give them a sense of security knowing that they could confide on their boss if problems would occur. 3. Must businesses choose between good ethics and financial benefits? Explain your answer using Schrage’s scenarios as examples. Yes. A choice must always be made between good ethics and financial benefits. The reason is, there are times that ethics and financial benefits clashes upon one another in a way that what is ethical does not mean an increase in the financial gain. There could only one choice. In the first scenario, there is a dilemma on whether to tell or not. If the CIO decided to tell, he would be faced with resistance and as such would be forced to find a way to calm its employees (i.e. by giving them another job). It would entail a lot of work. On the other hand, if he decided to keep the information to himself, the laid-off employees as well as the remaining one would not trust in the company anymore and if given theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The New Employees964 Words   |  4 Pagesdesired behaviors are nurtured through the company’s culture and socialization process of the new employees (Francesca, 2016). The new employees learn a lot of thing about the organization through watching their leaders in action. Therefore, when the leaders have failed to â€Å"walk the talk,† also, their juniors are likely to fall their steps and a culture of being unethical is born. A leader-follower ethics relationship should be a continuous process instead of a one-time intermittent event. 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However, international business ethics poses a particularly different difficulty- from domestic business- as a result of the scope of diversity that managers have to deal with: cultural, economic and legal, etc. Although the contents of business ethics are to an extent informed by the legal framework (including laws and regulatoryRead MoreBusiness Ethics : A Company s Attitude And Conduct Toward Employees, Customers, Community, And Stockholders Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics Business ethics can be thought of as a company’s attitude and conduct toward its employees, customers, community, and stockholders. Companies benefit from having good reputations and are penalized by having bad ones; the same is true for individuals. 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A Dining Experience Free Essays

Yesterday I had the privilege of eating at a great Melbourne restaurant – Maha. The food was exceptional but what I came away from the meal with was†¦. well it was an ‘experience’ and not just a ‘meal’. We will write a custom essay sample on A Dining Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now A number of things went into the 3 hours that we dined at Maha that stood out and left me pondering what I could learn from the success of this restaurant and apply to my own business. Walking into Maha there was an immediate transformation that occurred that drew us into the experience. Situated on a small and fairly ugly street filled with the back ends of buildings and car parks (I have to say I wasn’t expecting much of a place in this part of the city) – Maha’s fit out immediately created an impression that lasted for the rest of the afternoon (and beyond). It was anything but like the street outside and was a luxurious yet tasteful version of a middle eastern dining room. Dark, cosy and inviting – in stark contrast to the bright, stark, surrounds of concrete outside. Lessons: first impressions matter a lot and can create a lasting impression that sets up the experience someone has of what you’re doing. Unexpected contrast is also something that will grab people’s attention and make them take notice of what you’re doing. Lesson #2: Simplified Dining Sometimes dining in places like Maha can be an overwhelming experience for a guy like me. I’m no gourmet and being confronted with a menu filled with dishes that need translation and being overwhelmed with a wine list with so many options that I have no idea where to start isn’t my idea of a great way to start a meal. Instead at Maha we were warmly greeted, seated and giving a very simple drinks menu (with an invitation for a more extensive one if we required it). The menu for the day was a banquet (chefs choice – although we could have some input if we had special needs) which I also appreciated. Conversation was not interrupted with choices of food and drinks and the overwhelming nature of those menus and wine lists were eliminated. Lessons: choice is great but sometimes it can be overwhelming and simplicity can be appreciated. Lesson #3: Engaging the Senses Throughout the meal it was not just our taste buds that were stimulated. In the corner a three piece band played middle eastern music, outside was a court yard where people smoked shi sha pipes (creating sweet smell that drifted into the room) and at the end of the meal we were offered to have our hands rinsed in a little lemon cologne which engaged both our senses of smell but also touch. The cologne also made a lasting impression – even as I fell asleep last night it lingered on and I was once again reminded of the experience of Maha. Lesson: engage the senses and you transform something that can be quite one dimensional into something experiential. Lesson #4: Unexpected Gifts When it came time for the bill to be brought to the table the waitress also delivered three small white boxes (one for each couple) with some small pastries in them. They were a little take home gift to extend our visit. These gifts served a several purposes including: something we didn’t ‘pay for’ – it is amazing what impression getting something for free makes (or course we DID pay for the gift as the pastries would not have cost much and our bill more than covered it). This perceived extra value and a gift will of course create a lasting impression, increase the chances of us returning and telling our friends about the experience. extending the experience – today as I ate a pastry (24 hours after dining at Maha) I’m still thinking about the meal. Lesson: gifts (big and small) and extra value create an impression! Lesson 5: Focus Upon the Positive As we were about to leave our waitress stopped by the table. Instead of asking if everything was ok (often the way wait staff word this question) our waitress asked us what our favourite part of the meal was. Couching the question by asking us for the best part of the meal was a pretty smart move as it shifted our minds away from parts we might not have enjoyed (not that there were any for me) and onto the best parts of the meal just as we were about to leave. We left pondering the good rather than what could have been better. This also served as a great way for the staff to gather feedback on what was working – something that no doubt helps them to continue to improve what they do. I also wonder whether asking this question set up some cues in our minds that might be repeated later as we discussed the meal with others. We’d already each said something good about the meal within seconds of completing it – perhaps that’d be what we’d say next time we spoke about the meal. Lesson 6: Choreography/Process As we drove home from Maha V and I both commented on how those behind the restaurant must have put some real thought into the experience that they offered those who dined with them. Having eaten in another of the restaurants owned by one of the owners we saw some patterns in some of what we’ve mentioned above. Our experience didn’t just happen. Everything from the ways in which we were greeted, through to the small touches like the lemon cologne and complimentary pastries were intentional and planned steps in a choreography of a typical visit to Maha. I’m certain that the process evolved over time but the experience was not left to chance – there was a clearly thought through process in place which ensured the best chances of a great experience for diners and a profitable business. Best of all, the ‘choreography’ wasn’t obvious or intrusive in any way, it just naturally unfolded. Lesson: great experiences don’t always just happen. A little thought can go a long way to helping people move through an experience in a positive way. Which of these principles could you take and apply in your blog or online business? How to cite A Dining Experience, Papers

Gender Perspecitive on Socioeconomic Inequalities - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Gender Perspecitive on Socioeconomic Inequalities. Answer: Introduction Inequalities and inequities in health are caused by many things, key among them being social standing, race and ethnicity, and geographical location. Health inequality is the reason why even though life expectancy is high and gets better with new medical research discoveries, average life expectancy of a wealthy person would be more than that of a poorer person. Mortality of children under the age of five years is also affected(Davey-Smith, Hart, Montgomery, 1997). A health equity audit should be done to compare the level of medical care received by different demographic groups and areas so as to identify loopholes in health care provision that may cause poor health to some people. Since different demographics go through different immediate environments and physical activities every day, the likelihood of getting health complications is not the same for each individual(Davey-Smith, Hart, Montgomery, 1997). Some alcohol consumers are under a larger threat of getting alcohol-induced injury than others. Others who live in more cramped quarters ar This report will highlight four major health inequalities in the Victoria which is a region that has both a rural and a cosmopolitan are with reference to chronic diseases, lifestyles like smoking and alcohol consumption, social disparities, hypertension, obesity and physical exercise. Health equity refers to the absence of systematic or avoidable disparities in health susceptible to a different group of infections, between groups of people, whether these groups are defined socially, economically, geographically or demographically(Department of Health , 2011). Health inequities are the differences in health outcomes and their risk factors between social groups that are socially produced, systematic in their distribution, avoidable, unfair and unjust(Department of Health , 2011). Health inequities are differences in health status between population groups that are socially produced, systematic in their unequal distribution across the population, avoidable and unfair. Age and Gender. 5.9% of women with an income below $40000 were underweight as compared to 2% of men under the same conditions(Graham, 2002). Women also when employed and well educated were significantly less obese and had a larger percentage with a normal BMI than men with similar conditions. More males, in general, were obese. Men who did not complete high school or were unemployed undertook less physical activity as compared to all Victorian men(Victorian Department of Health , 2012). More women than men reported high or very high levels of psychological distress, mostly between the ages of 55-64 for males and 18-24 and 65-74 for women. Men who reported experiencing depression either did not consume alcohol, were diagnosed with hypertension, or had two or more chronic diseases(Victorian Department of Health , 2012). On the other hand, women who were current smokers and had two or more chronic diseases were more likely to give a poor self-reported health status and were more depressed. Prevalence of diseases like hypertension was more in men than in women. Type 2 diabetes, which is a chronic disease associated with obesity and careless weight gain together with hereditary factors, occurs more in individuals over the age of 50. Type 1 diabetes occurs from the body not producing insulin and is contacted by people under the age of 30(Victorian Department of Health , 2012). It is also called juvenile offset diabetes and has no cure yet despite numerous research. This above bar chart illustrates the estimated population aged 18 years and above with diabetes mellitus between the years 2011 and 2012 in 15 subzones of Crownlands kingdom in Victoria state of Australia. Crowlandsis a small agricultural community settled on theWimmera Riverand is located in the region of 24 kilometres northeast ofArarat, in the state ofVictoria,Australia which consists of a small village with houses and large farms(Graham, 2002). According to the information in the chart, Subzone 01 of crownlands shows the lowest population of people aged 18 and over with diabetes and highest population in subzone 14 of Crownlands. The prevalence of cancer was noted to be age related, with more cases being noted above the age of 65 for men. Osteoporosis had higher incidence in women than men and was observed more in females above 55 and males above 65(Jelfs, 2016). High blood pressure was age related too with more cases above the age of 55, and had more reported cases in men. A significant portion of 65-74 year olds rated life as being satisfactory. However, men with high stress levels, obese or underweight and more than two chronic diseases and unemployed women who did not complete high school and had a below $40000 household income self-reported their health as poor(Kristenson, 2006). Adults between 18-34 mostly reported their health as good and excellent. Women reported their health as good and excellent more times than men. Socioeconomic inequalities. Adults with a total annual income of less than 40000 dollars had higher incidences of obesity. It is also worth noting that this same demographic did not consume recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables, and covered less or no hours of physical exercise(Marmot Bell, 2013). This was also the case for people who were not in the job circulation, while the employed had a significantly larger percentage of pre-obesity cases. A significantly large percentage of women whose education reached tertiary level had a normal body mass index (BMI), and this demographic also had the lowest percentage of obese people(Marmot Bell, 2013). This trend is also observed with women whose household income exceeded 100000 dollars. It is noted that people with lower incomes and education levels or not in a labour force were more likely to be depressed. The statistics from the study indicate that men who did not complete school, were unemployed, not in a labour force and a hou sehold income below $40000 were more depressed(Ostlin, 2002). Incidence of diabetes also decreased with increase in household income for both men and women. It was reported that a higher percentage of people who took screening tests had a household incomes of between 40000-100000 dollars. This inequality can be considered an inequity since only some people can access some beneficial things like screening, and since mental health is associated with a semblance of financial stability. Subzones 1 to 6 on the chart are seen to be inhabited by financially able individuals because most of them can afford to get medical services(Pearce, Mitchell, Shortt, 2015). Bar chart 2, represent the number of people aged 18 years and above who has delayed medical consultations due to inability to afford in the year 2010. As per the chart, there had been more people in subzone 14 who could not afford to have medical consultations and lesser number of people in subzone 01 respectively. By looking at bar chart 1 2 we, can come to a conclusion that the population with diabetes mellitus in subzone 1 was low because, they were able to afford medical consultations whereas the people in subzone 14 presented with more number of diabetes cases since they had extremely poor affordability for medical consultations. As seen by the pie chart subzone 14 had the highest population delayed purchasing prescribed medication for the reason that they could not afford medications unlike the population in Subzone 1 where a lower population did not delay buying prescribed medication and had more affordability when compared with subzone 14 in the year 2010(Pearce, Mitchell, Shortt, 2015). However, people in subzone 12 also showed the second highest population with diabetes mellitus and had least affordability to medical consultations as well as had the inability to purchase prescribed medication due to lack of affordability in 2010. As can be seen in the charts, subzones 14 and 15 have the largest shortages in medical facilities hence the difficulty for subjects to find services. This difficulty in access could otherwise be caused by high costs to receive these services. This is the complete opposite of subzones 1, 2, 3 and 4 which have very few reports of lack of access to services, meaning that there are adequate facilities as well as an employed and well off demographic which can afford to pay for services(Smith, Upton, Gillis, Hawthorne, n.d). Steps should be taken to level out this huge disparity so that there is equality in services received and statistical data concerning this subject can be collectively analysed on a level playing ground. This graph alone can indicate to higher life expectancy in some subsets than others, and probably higher child mortality rates. Lifestyle inequalities. This includes alcohol consumption, smoking, dietary recommendations and physical activity. From the research, it could be seen that prevalence for smoking is higher in males than it is in females. The percentage of individuals who smoke where higher in the metropolitan areas of Victoria. It is also worth noting that the percentage of ex-smokers was significantly larger than the percentage of current smokers. More adults between 18-24 were smokers than those adults between the age of 65-85. Most adults at these ages have quit smoking(Smith, Upton, Gillis, Hawthorne, n.d). The proportion of current smokers decreased in proportion with increase in household income. Most smokers were identified to be individuals who did not complete high school, are not employed and have a household income of less than 40000 dollars. Geographical location. Rural people had a higher percentage of obese people than their urban counterparts. Individuals born overseas were more underweight and normal weight. Type 2 diabetes was notably more prevalent in metropolitan areas, though Australian born individuals had a notably lower percentage of diabetes incidences than those born abroad(World Health Organization , 2017). Screening should be done to discover diseases like bowel and breast cancer. The study done showed that about 63.9% of adults went for bowel screening and 72% of the women went for a mammogram in the year 2012/2013. A higher proportion of rural dwelling people had been screened than metropolitan dwellers. Rural regions generally reported better health than metropolitan areas. This inequality is also an inequity because rural areas evidently seem to have better conditions for health. The fruits and vegetables which should be maintained in the diet are likely available more easily. The subzones 1 to 6 are rural areas as can be seen by the ease to access to medical services. Rural facilities rarely have the kind of demand and traffic that urban facilities experience(World Health Organization , 2017). This can also explain why more rural people have undergone cancer screening than town dwellers, and that they self-report themselves as healthier. Subzones 7 to 14 are shown to provide poor services and are likely to be swamped by patients because urban dwellers sit most of the day and could possibly have back problems; work for long hours and consume more alcohol than their rural counterparts and therefore can develop alcohol related complications. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011). 3218.0 Regional Population Growth (2001-2010), Australia. Davey-Smith G, Hart C, Montgomery S. (1997). Lifetime Socioeconomic Position and Mortality.Prospective Observational Epidemiology. British Medical Journal 314: 54752. Department of Health (2011). The health and wellbeing of Aboriginal Victorians: Victorian Population Health Survey 2008 Supplementary report, State Government of Victoria, Melbourne. Graham, H. (2002) Tackling inequalities in health in England: remedying disadvantage, narrowing gaps or reducing gradients? Internal discussion paper. Health Development Agency, London. HFA. (2000). Striking a Better Balance: A Health Funding Authority response to reducing inequalities in health. Wellington: Health Funding Authority. HM Treasury (2002) The Cross Cutting Review on Health Inequalities. Summary Report. HM Treasury, London. Jelfs,P. (2016). The Australian Bureau of Statistics Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander enumeration and engagement strategies: challenges and future options.Indigenous Data Sovereignty. doi:10.22459/caepr38.11.2016.15 Kristenson,M. (2006). Socio-economic position and health.Social Inequalities in Health, 127-152. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568162.003.0006 Marmot,M., Bell,R. (2013). Socioeconomically Disadvantaged People.Social Injustice and Public Health, 21-41. doi:10.1093/med/9780199939220.003.0002 Ostlin P. 2002. Gender perspecitive on socioeconomic inequalities in health. In J Mackenbach, M Bakker (eds). Reducing Inequalities in Health: A European perspective. London: Routledge Press. Pearce,J., Mitchell,R., Shortt,N. (2015). Place, space, and health inequalities.Health Inequalities, 192-205. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703358.003.0014 Smith,G.D., Hart,C., Upton,M., Hole,D., Gillis,C., Watt,G., Hawthorne,V. (n.d.). Height and risk of death among men and women:.Health inequalities, 233-250. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1t8955q.27 VicHealth (2004). The Health Costs of Violence. Measuring the burden of disease caused by intimate partner violence. VicHealth, South Carlton. World Health Organization (2017) Gender, equity and human rights, https://www.who.int/genderequity-rights/understanding/gender-definition/en/ Victorian Department of Health (2012). Mornington Peninsula (S) and Frankston (C) 2011. Local Government Area Profiles, Modelling, GIS and Planning Products Unit, Melbourne.

Benjamin Harrison Biography - 23rd President of the U.S. Biography

Benjamin Harrison Biography - 23rd President of the U.S. Biography Benjamin Harrison was born on August 20, 1833 in North Bend, Ohio. He grew up on a 600-acre farm given to his father by his grandfather, William Henry Harrison who would become the ninth president. Harrison had tutors at home and then attended a small local school. He attended Farmers College and then Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He graduated in 1852, studied law, and then was admitted to the bar in 1854. Family Ties Harrisons father,  John Scott Harrison, was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was the son of one president and the father of another. Harrisons mother was  Elizabeth Irwin Harrison. She died when her son was almost 17. He also had two  half sisters, three full brothers, and two full sisters. Harrison was married twice. He married his first wife Caroline Lavinia Scott  on  October 20, 1853. Together they had one son and one daughter along with a stillborn daughter. Sadly, she passed away in  1892. He then married Mary Scott Lord Dimmick on  April 6, 1896  when he was 62 and she was 37. Together they had one daughter named Elizabeth.   Benjamin Harrisons Career Before the Presidency Benjamin Harrison entered into law practice and became active in the Republican party. He joined the military in 1862 to fight in the Civil War. During his service he marched on Atlanta with General Sherman and was promoted to Brigadier General. He left military service at the end of the war and resumed his law practice. In 1881, Harrison was elected to the U.S. Senate and served until 1887. Becoming the President In 1888, Benjamin Harrison received the Republican nomination for president. His running mate was Levi Morton. His opponent was incumbent President Grover Cleveland. It was a close campaign in which Cleveland won the popular vote but failed to carry his home state of New York and lost in the Electoral College. Events and Accomplishments of Benjamin Harrisons Presidency Benjamin Harrison  had the distinction of serving in between the two presidential terms of Grover Cleveland. In 1890, he signed into law the Dependent and Disability Pensions Act which provided money for veterans and their dependents if they were disabled from nonmilitary causes. An important bill passed during 1890 was the  Sherman Anti-Trust Act. This was the first antitrust law to try and stop the abuse of monopolies and trusts. While the law itself was vague, it was important as a first step towards making sure that trade was not limited by the existence of monopolies. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was passed in 1890. This required the federal government to purchase silver for silver certificates. These could then be turned back in for silver or gold. This would be repealed by Grover Cleveland because it was causing the nations gold reserves to be depleted as people turned in their silver certificates for gold. In 1890, Benjamin Harrison sponsored a tariff that required those wishing to import products to pay a 48% tax. This resulted in a rise of consumer prices. This was not a popular tariff. Post-Presidential Period Benjamin Harrison retired to Indianapolis after his term as president. He returned to practicing law and inn 1896, he remarried Mary Scott Lord Dimmick. She had been the assistant to his wife while she was the First Lady. Benjamin Harrison died on March 13, 1901 of pneumonia. Historical Significance of Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison was president when the reforms were beginning to become popular. During his time in office, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed. Even though it was of itself not that enforceable, it was an important first step towards reigning in monopolies who were taking advantage of the public.

Eating Disorders Anorexia, Bulimia and Compulsive Overeating

Eating Disorders Anorexia, Bulimia and Compulsive Overeating Introduction An eating disorder is a condition in which an individual develops abnormal eating habits. An affected person experiences extreme reduction or increase in food intake. Another major experience is the great anxiety about one’s body mass and/or shape. Eating disorders may develop when a person simply starts eating smaller or larger amounts of food than the normal intake. With time, the person develops a strong urge to eat more or less food which eventually becomes uncontrollable.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Eating Disorders: Anorexia, Bulimia and Compulsive Overeating specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Eating disorders occur more during teenage years or early maturity though it can as well develop during childhood or late maturity. The most affected are women and girls since they are much more concerned about their body appearance than men and boys. This concern makes them change their eat ing behavior from time to time to those that will suit their desired body appearances. Though treatable medically, eating disorders are complex with biological and psychological causes. In most cases they co-exist with other disorders such as anxiety, despair or drug abuse (Nagle 84). People suffering from eating disorders are more likely to suffer from complicated diseases such as heart or kidney failure which could be fatal. Anorexia Anorexia is a both eating and psychological disorder that is initiated as a person begins to diet in order to lose weight. The desire to become thinner drives the individual to continue with the restrictive eating which is most often accompanied by other behaviors that would enhance weight loss. Too much exercising and overuse of drugs are the most used ways of losing weight. Individuals may even go to the point of starving themselves just to feel the power of control over their bodies. Anorexia is characterized by low levels of body fats which lead t o alteration of body shape. Both girls and women may experience loss of their menstrual periods due to the drastic change in diet and/or amount of food taken. Affected individuals also have a strong fear to put on weight and this makes them have an uneasy eating habit. People with anorexia seem to pay more attention to food and weight control and they usually weigh themselves more often than those who are not. Though anorexia has no definite causes, genetic composition may determine the vulnerability of a person to develop this disorder. Another possible contribution is a dysfunction of the hypothalamus in one’s brain. Other factors that are risky to anorexia development are poor feeding habits and general under eating as infants as well as maternal depression. Individual negativity and the desire to be perfect can result to the development of anorexia (Poppink 1). A person with anorexia disorder may be treated as an outpatient or may be hospitalized in case of organ dysfunct ion resulting from severe weight loss. In such cases the treatment should begin in correcting the malnutrition and this should include feeding the patient by tubes that go through the mouth. Increased eating schedules and social activities accompanied by a decrease in physical exercise can contribute largely to weight gain.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The treatment of anorexia may require more focus on psychological and medical attention than on weight gain. It is therefore necessary to get medical provision and diet advice. Psychological therapy is also very important either as an individual or as a group or family. Weight management by a nutritionist is recommended as a healthy alternative to weight loss. Any suitable treatment should deal with self control and most importantly, self esteem to help the individual to accept how he/she is in order to live a healthy life both emotionally and physically. Bulimia Bulimia is an eating disorder that is different from anorexia in that a person develops frequent â€Å"eating habits and at large amounts than usual† (Derenne 27). The person also feels that he/she lacks the power to control the over eating. Surprisingly, this over eating is accompanied by certain behaviors for compensation, such as exercising excessively, induced vomiting and fasting. Just like anorexia, people with bulimia have a constant fear to gain weight and are so desperate to lose it. Because of this, they are very much unhappy about their body form and size. Bulimia disorder is often accompanied by mental illnesses such as anxiety, depression or abuse of drugs. There are physical complications that result from the frequent vomits in people with bulimia, including gastrointestinal problems and oral-related problems. In some cases, bulimia development is related to gene composition hence can be inherited. Another very important factor determining the development of bulimia is culture (Jennifer 2). For example, in the modern society, there is the pressure to become thin and this can influence people greatly especially those that want to be accepted in a certain society. Bulimia has some long time complications occurring as a result of the habits that an individual develops in order to compensate eating. They include chronic inflammation of the throat and swelling of neck and jaw glands as a result of frequent vomiting. Wearing out of tooth enamel and teeth decay may also occur due to contact with stomach acids during vomiting. Another severe effect of vomiting in people with bulimia is dehydration due to clearing of fluids (Dryden 1). The treatment for bulimia depends on an individual and requires a combination of therapies which include nutritional advice, psychological counseling to establish healthy eating habits as well as medical treatment especially in patients who have developed serio us health complications.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Eating Disorders: Anorexia, Bulimia and Compulsive Overeating specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Antidepressants are recommended to help bulimia patients who have been depressed and/or anxious. Treatment of bulimia in many people is done in steps and should therefore be started early enough to increase the chances of the patient to recover. Compulsive overeating Compulsive overeating is an eating disorder where a person becomes literally addicted to food and uses food as a tool to control his/her emotions. Whenever they have problems or are stressed, people with compulsive overeating turn to food to console and control themselves. They use food to make them feel safe and in some kind of control. Unlike bulimia, people suffering from compulsive overeating do not try to get rid of the extra food they eat. They end up eating large amounts of food repeatedl y without purging and with time they gain a lot of weight and become obese. They feel shame for being overweight with general lack of self-esteem and this causes them to turn to food in order to deal with such emotions. They end up repeating this cycle over and over again. Unlike anorexia, compulsive overeating is common in both men and women. The psychological problems that may result to food addiction include misery and pressure, tiredness due to overworking, anxiety and sadness. These problems make people develop behaviors such as eating even when they are not hungry, hiding themselves when they are eating, eating faster than usual, inability to stop eating no matter how full they are, embarrassment over eating in the presence of other people. Some may even go to the extreme of eating uncooked food. Just like any other eating disorder, â€Å"compulsive overeating may cause other health problems† (McDonald 31). The complication of these problems is determined by the duratio n during which a person has had an eating disorder and how severe the disorder has been. Compulsive overeaters are at high risks of suffering from heart problems, kidney failure, high blood pressure and even stroke. The stomach may rupture and bones weaken in extreme cases of compulsive overeating. Compulsive overeating treatment should aim at psychological and emotional therapy since this disorder is a result of mental problems and depression. Counseling programs are also important to help compulsive eaters learn better and healthy ways of dealing with stress and other problems in life. Dealing with depression alone cannot completely end this disorder; clinical signs of depression should be treated medically as well. An effective program on weight loss, therefore, should consist of a good diet, change in lifestyle, nutritional advice, medication if necessary and support. Primarily, compulsive overeaters are treated with antidepressants which are as effective as psychological treatm ent in behavioral therapy.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Eating disorders are very serious mental situations. The affected individuals are obsessed with eating and are more concerned about their physical appearance to the extent of allowing themselves to suffer and risk their health in the long run due to poor diet. Eating disorders take decades to treat; treatment should therefore start as early as the disorder is diagnosed. Recovering from eating disorders involves long-term changes and professional assistance as well as support from family and friends is necessary. Derenne, Lillian. Body image, the media and eating disorders. California. Barnes Noble, 2001. Print. Dryden, Roxanne. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa.† 2010. Web. Jennifer, Stevens. A Note to Self. New York Times, 17th November, 2006. Poppink, Joanna. â€Å"What happens to Anorexic girls when they become anorexic young women?† 2008. Web. McDonald, Jerry. Reducing the number of deaths with Anorexia Nervosa. New York Times. 3rd March, 2005. Nagle, Marianne. Eating disorders. New York. Wordsworth Publishers, 2004. Print.

How useful is the Letter of Jude for the Church Today Essay

How useful is the Letter of Jude for the Church Today - Essay Example The book comes in handy today as there are many false teachers who look down upon the word of God with disdain. Jude was driven by purpose to protect the status of the faith and church of God. In his letter, he intended to bring out the aims of false teachers whose infiltration in the church of god threatened to derail the faith of Christians. Through this exposure, he intended to pass a message to Christians that they should find courage and stand firm in relation to their faith. According to him, the Christians ought to get motivated and seek their way to the truth. He dwells on this during the first part of the epistle. In verse 4, Jude states that â€Å"for certain persons have crept unnoticed†. He meant that there were false teachers of the word of god and they were peddling their wares in the church and elsewhere among Christians without being noticed or questioned. He described ion the book how these false teachers perpetrated terrible acts under concealment. For the Christians to be aware, Jude recommended that they had to remember the teaching of the apostles of Christ, help each other to build their faith in the word of God, employ the use of Holy Spirit to guide them in prayer, wait upon the mercy of Jesus by living their lives in such a way that they are prepared for this second coming and stay within the unending love of God. Staying in the love of God demands that believers trust in God and do whatever he wants us to do as highlighted in the teachings of the epistles. Commitment and following the guidelines he put forward, Christians can be able to stand up against those false tea chers who were working against the teachings of Lord Jesus Christ. In modern times, there are many false teachers. Jude say that these teachers are a threat because they teach that being saved by the grace of god gives freedom to do what one wants which includes living immorally. This is an act of denying Christ according to Jude. This is

Motivation Profiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Motivation Profiles - Essay Example Maslow (In Huit, 2004) refers to these needs as physiological. Ella's needs may also include safety or security or the need to be out of danger, but it is not necessarily so. She has not strived very much to the higher levels of education but just enough to get her a job. She is contented to be paid enough for her family's daily needs for food and shelter. As her family's needs grow, she finds that she has to move for promotion which she looks at in terms of bigger take home pay, but not necessarily bigger responsibility. The fight for promotion is tight at Ella's workplace. To be promoted, she resorts to giving gifts to her supervisor or persons having to do with promotion in her place of work. Like her, she thinks people primarily find satisfaction in material gain and she may find favor from her superiors. Ella is submissive to authority and represses her own impulses. In fact, her own idea of a boss is authoritarian. The hostile boss is not a problem to her if she receives a promotion (bigger pay). She is willing to forego much personal freedom in favor of a promotion that would assure her of food and shelter every month. She defers from Marcelo and Masoko in that her needs are very basic - just of the existence level described by Alderfer (1972). Marcelo Marcelo's needs may be said to occupy the two second higher level needs described in Maslow's hierarchy: belongingness and love, and esteem needs (See Huit, 2004). Marcelo is therefore expected to easily affiliate with others and be accepted. At the same time, he sees the drive to achieve at his level, be competent, gain approval and attain recognition. There is a strong need to be liked which may not be good in terms of decision-making (See McClelland, 1987). Status is a prime motivator to Marcelo. There is greater personal satisfaction in receiving praise or recognition with Marcelo and a promotion would realize these things for him. (See McClelland, 1987). Marcelo believes that promotions are given in exchange for something given, not necessarily hard work. It is a give and take situation. So he tries to praise his supervisors, do as he is ordered without any complain that he may be liked. In exchange for pleasing his boss, he believes he is working for promotion. For all his investments in gaining approval and at the same time being affiliative with his supervisor, he expects that promotion is in store. Marcelo has been toeing every rule given in his workplace, conscious that every broken rule requires a punishment and farther away from attaining a promotion. Therefore, he keeps quiet and never questions whatever policies he disagrees with. His needs, however, are higher than that of Ella's. He needs affirmation and affiliation over and above mere biological needs. Marcelo may be said to be other-oriented in that his work life involves relationships with significant others. He is satisfied by mutually sharing thoughts and feelings, and that acceptance, confirmation, understanding, and influence are elements important to him (Alderfer, 1972). Masoko Masoko sees more freedom in thinking than Ella and Marcelo. His actions are governed by the interplay of possible

Domestic Transportation Infrastructure Research Paper

Domestic Transportation Infrastructure - Research Paper Example From the research it can be comprehended that transport is a means through which people shift from one place to another. There are many reasons for people to move from a place to another which may include studies, job or any other purpose. Whatever the reason for travelling from one place to the other place would be, means of transportation serve important purpose in making people fulfill their various needs. The modes of transport include: †¢ Cars †¢ Bus †¢ Trains and Trams †¢ Airplane †¢ Ferries and ships etc. The modes of transport used in urban areas are slightly different from the ones used in rural areas. In the areas known as metropolitans that are actually the heavily populated areas, the need of public transport rises. In these regions, people have to adopt various means to go for work or for children to go to school. The most common type of transportation is provided by transit systems in most regions. Transit systems are basically bus services which run around the city to provide transportation facilities to students, workers and all kinds of people. These buses provide their services to city dwellers at low fares which increase their usability in urban areas. Usually, bus service appears to be the preferred means of transportation by a majority of people because of inexpensive rates and convenience. There are different types of transit systems that are run in various countries. In New York, for instance, subway system is among the transportation system which is probably the biggest one in the world. People living in urban areas in New York prefer travelling by bus to car. It is one of the cities in which the use of public transport is frequent and constant. The reason for this frequent use of bus as a mode of transport might be because of the less amount of cars people own in New York. Similarly, London has a large network of trams, both underground and over ground rails, subway and buses which help people in shifting from a region to another. Usually, people have travel cards for travelling in buses and people are not allowed to drink alcohol in public transport in London. However, in some countries the use of cycle is preferable as a means of transportation in urban areas (Krizek, 2003). There are many factors that determine the use of a specific means of transportation by people. However, the main reasons of choosing bus services are the cheap costs and affordability; need to have more spacious roads that cannot be possible if everyone moves on his own car and social responsibility that everyone gets a chance to travel regardless of whether he owns a car or not (Naess, 2005). Some modes of transport are used in specific regions depending on the people’s needs. For instance, in such a place where people collect the products from various factories and intend to export them, they need some means through which they can transport the materials to different places. Usually this is done by means of ship if there is an ocean nearby or by bus, train or airplane. Change of Trend:

Concepts of Organisational Culture

Concepts of Organisational Culture What is organisational culture? Organisational culture is often referred to as something which tells us more about the organisation. This something may be the personality, philosophy, ideology or even the overall climate of the organisation. Organisational Culture is therefore an element which differentiates each organisation from the other and gives it a unique identity (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). The managerial writers vs. the academic social scientists The debate arises when theorists try to define culture. The management academics and consultants perceive this culture as a collection of values and beliefs, myths, symbols, heroes and symbols that possess a uniform meaning for all the employees. Whereas, the academic social scientists see it as a subjective reality of values and beliefs, artefacts, myths, symbols etc. They believe that organisational culture is formed through the social interactions of the organisations members and hence it is produced and reproduced continuously (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). This essay takes up both these contrasting perspectives separately in the light of various theoretical models and the examples of real life organisations. Organisational culture: following or adopting? The Managerial writers such as ouchi,1981; Deal and Kennedy,1982; Pascale and Athos,1982; Peters and Waterman,1982 and Schien,1985; believe that culture being an attribute of the organisation is given to its members who do not participate in its formation and accept or tolerate it as the organisation has it (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). Thus it is a collection of some basic assumptions that all organisational employees share and hence if these assumptions are changed, the culture will automatically be changed (Schien, 1985 Cited in Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). Schien (1983) in his three levels of culture points out one of the sources of organisational values as those values which were the idea of a single person (founder) and are later modified by the companys current senior management. In contrast, Buchanan and Huczynski (2004) argue that if such is the case then these values may not be adopted by employees but only followed by them. And if senior management are the source of creating organisational values then these value may cause chaos when mergers and acquisitions take place. Then it will be a question of which of the older companies value will be followed in the newly formed organisation. Organisational culture as a means of unification and control The managerial writers suggest that if the basic assumptions are integrated amongst members and the organisation has a unified culture, then employee control will be possible and this will lead to greater productivity and profitability (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). On the other hand, the academic social scientists argue that a unified culture is never possible as organisational culture is pluralistic in nature due to the different subcultures present in every organisation. (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). Where managerial writer talk about extending the same unified culture to all the employees Brown (1995) argues and states the following facts that influence culture: Even if the employees are enthusiastic and intrinsically motivated as suggested by McGregors theory Y, most of them only give a fraction of their time to the organisation. They are members of other variety of clubs, societies and unions and hence they may not accept the culture whole heartedly and without any question since their demands and constraints are also influenced by these other bodies Part time or temporary workers are less likely to adopt the culture and some of them are actually working part time to avoid cultural control systems. Large numbers of people perform relatively unrewarding and undemanding jobs just for the sake of the financial reward. These workers may be only loosely attached to the organisation and may even go against a dominant culture in the organisation Contractual workers who are hired by organisations are actually members of separate organisations and it will be extremely difficult to make them feel part of the organisation. Therefore, the changing patterns of employment and organisational forms are actually impacting many of the very strict and cohesive cultures. The managerial writers believe in symbolic management of employees i.e. the use of organisational culture and selectively applying rites, ceremonials, myths, stories and legends to direct the behaviour of employees. The academic social scientists argue that since people enter organisations with different expectations, experiences, values, beliefs and motivations hence these factors also influence their behaviour in different directions In the practical world, we see companies using both these ideas, some try to reconsider their values and beliefs; and under the banner of changing culture try to come up and introduce new values and beliefs. It is argued that such attempts at changing culture may change behaviour of employees but not their deep rooted value and beliefs which do eventually have an impact on some of their behaviours (Thompson and Findlay, 1999). A simple example would be of the recent importance to corporate social responsibility. In such a case an employee may differ on his value and belief for a certain ethical issue, say the employee may not believe in child labour but what will he/she do when the company may have to outsource its manufacturing to a third world country (where majority of children are used as cheap labour) in order to cut down cost. Here, the employee may be convinced to change his behaviour and he/she may do so to save their job but at the end of the day their value and believe rema ins unchanged. On the other hand, some companies increase their employee interactions in a way that changes employee behaviour automatically. An example would be of an organisation that increases employee interactions with the customers and through this the employees are better aware of what behaviours please the customers. The changing nature of culture Another argument against the managerial writers would be that since they see organisational culture as something that has been pre determined and cannot be changed, how would they take into account the several changing factors that influence culture generally. An organisations culture may be influenced by its history, primary function and technology, its customers, its goals and objectives, size, location, top executives, strategy, structure and its environment (Mullins, 2007). The argument therefore is what happens to the culture when either of these factors changes. What will happen if there is new top executive in the company who may modify the founders ideas as per his values and beliefs? What happens if the organisation steps into a dynamic industry and requires a new structure and strategy, will its culture not automatically change or will the whole process of laying down new basic assumptions (values, beliefs, myths, stories and artefacts) will have to be put into action to ma ke the culture change? What happens if an organisation makes an international move and faces a new national culture? How will it now rely on its old stories, myths, legends and artefacts to induce a change in this new national culture? This argument is supported by the academic social scientists who consider culture to be produced and reproduced through different interactions. A fairly new concept is the learning organisation which was conceived by Peter Senge as a place where people at all levels are in a continuous state of learning and individual learning results in organisational learning (Mullins, 2007). Although it may seem as a utopian concept but it strengthens the academic social scientists view of the is culture which is in a state of continuous re-production. Therefore one can agree that the culture of the learning organisation would be one which would continuously change with every new organisational learning. At the learning organisation the has culture would be seen as one which would bound learning and may not appeal to the intrinsic sense of the employees to challenge, learn and achieve. On the contrary critiques like Harrison argue that the sum of the learning of individuals does not necessarily equal organisational learning (Mullins, 2007) Pixar is one such organisation which believes in creativity and learning at not only the artistic level but the technical level as well. The underlying reason for such a belief is that a movie contains many ideas all of which do not necessarily come from the producer or the creative head, but these ideas come from people dealing with cameras, characters, lightening etc. Pixar follows a peer culture where they have open discussions and exchange of ideas over any piece of ongoing work. They also have peers who look at and analyse daily motion work, unlike Disney where only a small senior group has the responsibility to do so. Therefore, at Pixar learning occurs from all directions and all employees which is due to its belief that everyone should have the freedom to communicate with anyone and it must be safe for anyone and everyone to offer ideas. That is how they foster collective creativity and learning (HBR, 2008). Organisational culture and the psychological contract The psychological contract of employees is another component which may be viewed in the light of the two perspectives of organisational culture. If the has culture is considered the psychological contract may be seen as the same for all employees as all share the same basic assumptions and clear controls are in place and hence the employer and employees may be contracting with each other on the same set of expectations. On the other hand the is culture will produce many different psychological contracts of employees and it will become very hard for the organisation to manage them, as each individual on the basis of their different interactions and interpretations will have a different set of expectations. (Herriot and Pemberton, 1995). The dilemma in cultural practice A major problem for an organisation can be sticking to any one of these cultural ideologies. This is due to the fact that an organisation on one hand may have an espoused culture i.e. how its senior management describes it and on the other hand it may have its in-practice culture i.e. the culture as it is experienced and lived by its members. Therefore even if it claims to be following a certain ideology it will always have more than one culture running in the organisation. Organisations rarely possess just one unified culture. One culture that superimposes the organisation culture is the stitched together patch of sub cultures in an organisation which may be overlapping and conflicting as well. (Brown, 1995) We see this conflict in the organisational culture of Nokia where on one hand it claims to nourish new ideas and innovation amongst employees (http://www.nokia.com/careers/nokia-as-an-employer/nokia-way-and-values) where as on the other hand it seems to have lost a head start at touch screen technology. This was when its stifling bureaucratic culture killed the idea of a smart phone with internet and touch screen technology and the management reasoned it to be a development Nokia would not be interested in. (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/hardware/Nokias-bureaucratic-culture-troubles-new-CEO/articleshow/6637291.cms).However, recently we see that Nokia is struggling to compete in the same market. If the management would have actually maintained the culture they claim, and would have fostered idea growth, they would probably have been ahead of apple today. The concept of Organisation Socialization The managerial writers believe that a process of organisation socialization has to be followed with new employees of the organisation in order to make them learn the culture so that they can follow it and survive in the organisation. (Edgar schien, 1979 Cited in Buchanan page 650). It must be remembered that these writers believe that culture must be tolerated as it is something an organisation has. But when organisations like Disneyland are considered, it may be argued that the organisation socialization process consists of two parts. One is the formal socialization where the new recruits attend the University of Disneyland on an apprenticeship programme. This is where they learn the history, philosophy, language and values of the company. The other is the informal socialization mechanisms which are also very well developed at Disney land. New recruits at some point learn through their peers that the job they are assigned, the costume they wear and the area of the park they are allotted are actually determinants of their social status at work. At the same time they also learn about Getting back at misbehaving guests by tightening seat belts, slamming breaks suddenly and drenching people standing at river banks (Brown, 1995). Now, this informal socialisation is actually another sub culture within the organisation which is limited to the employees. Hence, this reinforces the ideo logy that culture may not necessarily be taught but may be born through social interactions. Organisational Culture and Motivation When discussing motivation and culture, one may argue how a culture of motivation may be left to be developed by the social interaction of organisational members. In such an area, the organisation may have to provide a cohesive culture which can offer employees both extrinsic rewards and intrinsic rewards such as bonuses, promotions, and stories, rites and ceremonies which create feelings of belonging. An organisation may also have to employ threats of punishments such as unwanted transfers, demotions and salary decreases to deal with certain cases of lack of motivation (Brown, 1995). Here we see that the views of managerial writers are more practical of providing a certain has form of culture to keep motivation in place. Bringing about Cultural Change The managerialist writers believe that culture can only be changed by changing the basic assumptions by the senior management (Schein 1979) we see that these writers specifically Schein are also compelled to believe and have written that when an organisation is in the last stage of its development i.e. maturity where it may also see declining profitability and loss of key people and outsiders have to be brought in to manage the organisation, such an influx of outsiders may induce cultural change. (Brown, 1995). Although, Schein states that such a change occurs due to change in the stage of organisational development (from birth and early growth to organisational midlife to organisational maturity) but it may be argued on the basis of the academic social scientists that such a change was induced by the change in key people and new social interaction induced a change in culture. Change is therefore viewed as intentional, predictable, pre-determined and brought about after careful planning, thus it follows a rational step-by-step procedure to effectively manage change(e.g. Kotter, 1996). An argument for cultural change is that changing only one factor as suggested by managerial writers such as a basic assumption may not be enough to bring about a cultural change. Ram Charan gives the example of cultural change at Home Depot involves multi-directional changes in the ways people worked to support the business model. A change was made to four main dimensions: Behaviour expectations were clarified and identification and measurement methods were put across. Metric such as data quantifying customer perceptions of the home depot experience clarified the expectation of accountability. Processes of how work was done were changed to fit the new culture e.g. instead of the old memos a video cast went out to all stores which focused on the upcoming promotions, new product lines and sales targets and bonuses for the week ahead.of new product lines, the revenue needed in the last week. Specific Programmes were put into place to support the cultural change e.g. competitive simulation and role-playing exercises where employees had to act out situations which clarified to them why the huge changes were made. Changes in the organisational structure made it easier to follow the new culture e.g. changes were made in purchasing processes to lower costs. Cultural change management takes place in an open system where the organisation has to simultaneously react to external needs and demand. In the recent years, factors such as globalisation, diversity, equality, increasing number of immigrants and avoiding discrimination have had a vast impact on how organisations manage cultural change. Is cultural change manageable? Cultures are a complex social phenomenon produced as a result of interactions. Therefore they are a product of humans, created by humans, sustained by humans and therefore can also be changed by human intervention. Therefore even if it is not planned to be changed, it will change as the social interactions change (bate, 1994) page 137 The main question is whether cultural change is manageable? i.e. whether persons can change culture deliberately, intervene by will and change the path of development of culture. This is where cultural change programmes fail to succeed since they do not take into account studying in detail the culture that has to be changed. An in-depth knowledge of the current culture is the basis for managing cultural change. (bate, 1994) page 137-138 Organisational Culture, Structure and Strategy What we notice and experience as cultural change depends directly on how we conceptualize culture (Meyerson and Martin, 1987 cited in Bate, 1994) page 9 The supporters of the has culture see culture as a component of an organisation which is no different to the other components such as structure, strategy, staff and so on. (Bate, 1994) page 11 One such model which details this is the Mckinseys 7-S framework which puts culture i.e. shared values at the centre of all the other components (Structure, Strategy, Systems, Style, Skills and Staff) (Peters and Waterman 1982 cited in bate,1994)page 11 Hence culture in this framework is treated as a variable which influences and is influenced by all the other organisational components. Hence Culture has an influence over organisational effectiveness in two regards, firstly its strength and secondly how well it is aligned with the other components (e.g. the structure-culture fit).Therefore from this perspective, changing culture is equivalent to a mere tasking of removing a faulty component and inserting a new one. (Bate, 1994 page 11-12) On the contrary, the supporters of the is culture conceive culture as synonymous with organisation i.e. an organisation is culture. They see culture as a paradigm which is defined by interpersonal organisational life. Therefore they see cultural change to be the same as organisational change. Since there is no bifurcation between organisation and culture therefore change in one will automatically lead to change in another and thus no separate strategies are required for each. (Bate, 1994)page 14 Another argument against strong cultures is that they have a development strategy for culture but no change strategy and so they are more likely to get trapped in their own culture. An example of such is the Hewlett Packard case where its ideology of doing things the HP way offered some form of comforts to the employees which backfired and employees were so busy being nice to each other that they avoided making commercial decisions which went against any other employee (such as laying off or relocating people). HPs intense humanistic ways lead to the employees viewing their privileges as rights e.g. refusal to relocate to other divisions made some divisions less competitive (bate, 1994) page 127 -128 On the other hand the has perspective which reinforces the importance of a strong culture is attractive from the view point that organisations can easily audit their cultures and be proactive in changing or strengthening the shared basic assumption and they can even bring about intentional change through the process of reculturing (Stoll, 1999). The has culture takes culture as, a separate component in an organisation and hence deals with issues such as strategy culture fit and so on. Weick (1985) and Hennestad (1991) argue against such a perspective stating that culture and strategy are substitutable for one another and culture is a strategic phenomenon and strategy is a cultural phenomenon. This implies that from such a perspective formulating a strategy of any kind is actually a cultural activity which will bring about engagement in a cultural change (Bate, 1994). A real life example of such a scenario would be when a company changes its strategy from a production oriented strategy to a market led strategy, this actually brings about a cultural change where a culture encouraging market research and up-to-date market knowledge is born. Further, the perspective implies that cultural change is actually strategic change where moving from one culture to another actually moving from one strategy to another. (Bate, 1994). A real life example of this perspective would be when a company like Disneyland in its organisational socialization stage declares to its employees that customer is king , this is in itself a strategy of being customer oriented. Pg 17-23 Limitations of the two cultural perspectives The managerialist perspective of organisational culture has a number of limitations. However, arguably it limits a deeper understanding of organisational culture and analyses only surface cultural factors such as taken-for-granted values and basic assumptions held in unity by the organisational members as described by Schein (1985). Secondly, it does not take into account the impact of the external environment on organisations which may play a role in determining change processes. The social perspective on the other hand gives a detailed insight into organisational culture, it opens up to dynamic areas of culture. But it requires the collection of very rich qualitative date which may not necessarily provide a clear pathway for action and interpretation of the data becomes a tedious task (Prosser, 2007) The management of organisational change is therefore understood from an open systems perspective in the organisations reaction to external forces and its adaptation and responsiveness to external needs and demands. Conclusion There is a lack of a definite way to define, control and change organisational culture. This may be due to the fact that researchers who work on this topic themselves come from different cultures and consider different elements to be part of organisational culture. The early researchers took a more philosophical approach to the topic. A reason for this might have been the unproven influence of culture on management and organisational practices. Later the academic social scientist gave a more externally-oriented approach which may have been due to the evolution of organisational culture and its impact on organisations (Stefan and Liz, 2000). The essay, based on various theoretical arguments, suggest that there is a broad scope for debates relating to whether culture can be changed or influenced, depending on how culture is defined. Most of the authors unite on the notion that culture can be changed but they differ on how and to what extent this can be done. They also differ on the fact if culture is only followed on the surface or adopted whole-heartedly. Another area covered was the debate about unification of employees on the basis of a unified culture. Cross relations of organisational culture with other concepts such as strategy, structure, motivation, psychological contract and socialization have been discussed. The essay ends with mentioning the limitations of the two approaches to organisational culture which reveal that these concepts are also influenced by the open and closed systems that an organisation may operate in.

Sears Case Study Essay -- essays research papers

Sears Case Study Introduction The great advantage of publicly held companies is that they bring together capital and managerial expertise, to the benefit of both groups. An investor need not know anything about making or marketing chairs in order to invest in a chair factory. A gifted producer or seller of chairs need not have capital in order to start a business. When it runs well, both profit, and the capitalist system achieves its goals. Our system of capitalism has been less successful when the company does not run well. As some of America's most visible, powerful, and successful companies began to slide, they demonstrated an all-but fatal weakness in the ability of our system to react in time to prevent disaster. Managers and directors at companies like IBM, General Motors, and Sears took their success--and their customers--for granted. They took their investors for granted, too, until it was almost too late. The problem is that the strength of the system, the separation of ownership and control, is also its weakness. A shareholder's investment in a chair factory gives him certain rights, including the right to elect the directors and the right to inspect the books. These rights may have some meaning when the company is small enough that the investors number in the hundreds. But in large, complex companies, with investors in the millions, they are likely to exercise a third right, the right to sell. While some economists will argue sale of the stock sends a signficant message to management, I agree with Edward Jay Epstein, who said that "just the exchange of one powerless shareholder for another in a corporation, while it may lessen the market price of shares, will not dislodge management--or even threaten it. On th... ...illing the vacancies left by the directors "fired" in the 1991 shrinkage. Ironically, Sears was left with a board with a higher percentage of outside directors. I believe Brennan found that at least some of the extra accountability I was seeking was the result of the actions he took to stop me. Less than six months after the annual meeting, Sears announced a massive restructuring. Coldwell Banker would be sold off in its entirety, Dean Witter would be spun off to shareholders, as would 20 percent of Allstate. The market reacted to the news by sending Sears' stock up 8 percent in a single day. Changes at Sears I firmly believe that Sears' recent renaissance (STOCK PRICES) is a direct result of the increased accountability of management. I believe that Sears serves as a perfect study for the values to be generated by involved and informed shareholders.

How children development is influenced by many factors Essay

A childs development can be affected by both personal and external factors. Personal factors are those that are sepcific to an individual child and external factors are those that could theoretically affect each and every child. Personal factors include the following: Health Some children’s development may be affected by a pre-existing health condition. For example a baby’s development can be affected during the pregnancy, if a mother smokes, takes drugs, drinks alcohol or contracts certain infections such as rubella. Foetal Alcohol Syndrome occurs when a mother drinks large amounts of alcohol during her pregnancy. This condition will usually affect a child’s cognitive and physical development. The amount of alcohol consumed, as well as, when during the pregnancy it was drunk and whether it involved binge drinking or large amounts being drunk on a regular basis, will affect the level of disability caused. FAS can also cause delays in physical development as the child maybe underweight, problems with feeding and speech due to facial abnormalites and neurological problems such as alcohol withdrawal, problems with memory and communication and a low IQ. A range of developmental areas can be affected by a health issue not just the physica l development. For example: †¢Their ability to make friends. A child who is repeatedly away from school may not be able to get to know the other children. †¢Their education. Days maybe missed due to hospital or doctor’s appointments or long periods of time missed because of hospitilisation or just not feeling well enough to go to school. †¢A lack of confidence and low self esteem. They may have to rely heavily on adults in some areas of their lives and have little or no sense of self-reliance. Many doctors are now encouraging children to be partially responsible to their condition, for example children with diabetes are often encouraged to inject themselves. †¢Missed opportunities. Some children may not be able to take part in certain activities on offer. Running or playing outside may trigger their condition. There are other health issues that may affect development. This could be as simple as a bout of toncilitis resulting in a couple of  weeks off school at an important point of the child’s education or a chronic health condition like diabetes that may mean missing lessons due to regular hospital appointments while the condition is being monitored. Disability Cerebal palsy is a neurological condition that affects the brain and nervous system. It is a general term that covers a range of conditions that affect a child’s morvement and co-ordination and is caused by damage to the brain before, during or just after the birth. Again the symptoms and severity vary greatly from child to child and also by the type of Cerebral palsy suffered for example spastic hemiplegia or ataxic cerebral palsy. Some children have the ability to walk but the age at which they can do this will be affected by either hypotonia (decreased) or hypertonia (increased muscle tone). Spina Bifida is another condition that is present from birth. Generally it does not affect a child’s cognitive development but, depending on the type a child has, may affect their physical development. In severe cases the child’s legs may be partially or even fully paralysed and there may also be urinary and bowel incontinence issues. The number of children born with spina bifida is now low, due to the recommendation that women take folic acid whilst trying for a baby and in the early stages of pregnancy. Spina Bifida may not only affect a child’s physical development. It may also affect the following areas:- †¢Intellectual development as the child may have to have lots of time off of school. †¢Emotional development as they may feel different to those children around them. †¢Social development as they are not able to socialise with others. Sensory Impairment A visual or hearing impairment can have a big effect on many areas of development. A hearing impairment can mean that speech is unclear and words pronuounced incorrectly. This can lead to a child avoiding social interaction, affecting emotional and social development, if they feel unable to express themselves properly. One of the main areas of physical development is hand-eye co-ordination and for a child with a visual impairment this take a lot longer to master. Learning Disabilities A child’s cognitive development will be affected by learning difficulties, such as dyslexia, dyspraxia or ADHD, until it is picked up on. A Special  Educational Needs Co-ordinator (Senco), which all schools have, will ensure that the extra educational support needed by the child is in place by working with the child and their parent/carers. The social and emotional development and wellbeing of a child with learning difficulties may also be affected if they are seen as ‘different’ by those around them and are teased and/or bullied and the effects of this type of treatment can cause issues well into adulthood. Genetics As soon as a child is conceived their development begins. Their genetic information is made up from both the egg and the sperm. This information can sometimes be faulty and will affect the development of the health of the child. Down’s syndrome is an example of a genetic disorder. People with Down’s syndrome have an extra copy of the chromosome 21 in the cells of their body. There are some facial and other physical features that are common with this disorder as well as certain medical problems. For example atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). This is a condition where there is a hole in the muscle that usually separates the different chambers in the heart. Typically speaking the rate at which most children with Down’s syndrome will develop will be affected because they have some degree of learning difficulty. However, the level of difficulty will vary from one person to another. Generally the usual speech and physical milestones will be reached but at a later s tage than other children. External factors that may affect development include the following: – Poverty Poverty will probably have a major effect on development. Statistics show that children from poor backgrounds are less likely to flourish and achieve well at school. Parents will find it harder to deal with their children’s requirements which will have a bearing on all areas of development. For example:- †¢Intellectual – Limited or no access to books, internet or other resources for studying. †¢Social – May not have the money to be able to take part in activities that their friends are. †¢Physical – Poor diet or not being able to heat house in cold weather may cause health problems. Family background/environment The adults who care for children have an influence on their development.  Parents play an extremely important role in the lives of the their children. Although most parents do a good job at nurturing and providing for their children, there are a number of reasons why some parents are not able to do as good a job. Depression or an addiction to either drink or drugs are a few. Younger children may be neglected, whilst older children may have to take on a caring role within the family. A child’s development is also influenced by what they are born with and by the experiences that they have. For example a child that’s born with the potential to be a great long distance runner may not realise that potential unless they are given the opportunity to practise and the encouragement from adults to do it. A child’s cultural background can also have an effect on a number of their areas of development e.g. social – the primary language spoken at home may be different to the primary language at school. Most families suffer stresses at times, some may be temporary, some more permanent but all may have an effect on a child’s emotional and/or cognitive development and may result in a change in their behaviour or ability to learn. Here are a few examples: – †¢A change of employment. †¢Redundancy or unemployment. †¢Moving home whether locally or further afield. †¢Changes in family structure eg parents seperating, divorcing or finding new partners. †¢The birth of a new baby. †¢The death or illness of a family member. †¢The disability of a family member. Neglect/Abuse There have been a lot of studies carried out on the relationship between the different types of child abuse/neglect and the affect on the different areas of development including physical, health, emotional and behavioural. The extent of the affect varies according to the seriousness, length of time and rate of recurrence of abuse/neglect but can continue to have an impact on the adult lives. The effects of neglect/abuse on a child’s development may include:- †¢Serious brain development issues. A child that is neglected during the  first year of their life can suffer from serious brain development issues. Studies have shown that the brain of a 3 year old child who has suffered global neglect (the experience of several kinds of deprivation) will be notably smaller than a child who hasn’t. †¢Poor physical growth and or medical conditions such as anaemia caused by malnutrition. †¢Problems forming and maintaining friendships/relationships. †¢Lack of confidence/low self-esteem caused by emotional abuse. Care status Although some children in care have no developmental issues, many do. The lack of family stability and moving from one carer to another can have a negative affect on a child’s social, emotional and behaviour development and cause problems with their ability to form attachments or to deal with separations. Children may have been abused or neglected prior to entering care system. This may also affect their social, emotional and behaviour development but may also affect their speech and language development as they are too distressed to talk. They may also suffer with mental health issues that may lead to delays in their cognitive development as time off from school is required. Children in care may also meet similar issues to those with disabilities and learning difficulties.

How the word Planet is Defined

How the word Planet is Defined What is a planet?  Astronomers get this question a lot.  It seems like a simple-enough thing to ask about, but in reality  the definition of the term planet seems to be a moving target. Its also at the heart of a controversy that continues to spur debate in the astronomy community. To answer the question what is a planet? it helps to look back at the event that brought the issue to a head in 2006: the seeming demotion of Pluto  from planet to dwarf planet. Pluto: Planet or Not? In 2006, the International Astronomical Union  demoted a small ball of rock and ice out in the outer third of the outer solar system from planet status. Pluto became known as a dwarf planet.  The outcry, both from within and outside of the scientific community, was astounding and the subject is still under intense discussions today. The planetary science community, which is probably the best equipped to help define the term, was overruled by astronomers (not many of them planetary scientists) at an IAU meeting where the issue came up for discussion and a vote.   Why Define Planet At All? The argument of course, is that our current clumping of all the round, non-star, non-moon  objects in our solar system was not ideal. Clearly Mercury and Jupiter dont share much in common, yet they are classified as planets. In 2000, the New York Hayden planetarium was renovated, and one of the exhibits grouped the planets by similar features. This made them easier to study and understand. It also created a more coherent display with greater educational potential. However, it put Pluto as the odd world out.   That by itself didnt change the definition of planet, however. The idea of planet was under discussion for a long time before that. It continues to be an issue as scientists discover more and more worlds out there.   The 2006 decision by the IAU has been steeped in controversy among scientists, particularly those in planetary science who had not attended the meeting where a scant few astronomers voted on planetary status. However, beyond that gaffe, the  greater point of contention is that the definition as arrived at by the IAU committee frankly doesnt even make sense. What is the Definition of a Planet? Lets look at what the IAU thinks a planet is. There are three requirements:   a planet is a world that orbits the Sun and not another object;a planet is an object with sufficient gravity to become round;a planet is a world that has cleared its orbital path of debris. This last one was thought to be a problem for Pluto, although recent discoveries by the New Horizons spacecraft show that theres not much to clear around Pluto,  not even a ring!   One could argue that  Earth has not been able to completely clear its path of debris.  However, no one is arguing with the classification of Earth as a planet. Effectively the IAU was placing a distance cap on how far a planet can be from its host star. And this just doesnt make sense. So What Should the Definition Be? OK, so  the IAUs definition has problems, but its still clear that the definition of planet needs more thought and work. It is important to classify objects, its simply part of the scientific endeavour. Biologists classify life, while chemists classify compounds, and so on. But the means by which you classify the objects in a system needs to be cohesive and non-conditional. So what about the planets, and Pluto specifically? What if we just took the first two conditions laid forth by the IAU and let it go at that: massive enough to be round, but not so much that it ignites nuclear burning? That would leave the eight objects that we already consider planets and add in the ones that we currently call dwarf planets. It just so happens that Pluto is large enough that it formed itself into a sphere under the pressure of its own gravity.  And, this fact is at the heart of the IAUs third condition for planet-hood. But that isnt the end of the debate either, and for now, officially,  Pluto remains a dwarf planet.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

7th Grade Essay Prompts

7th Grade Essay Prompts By seventh grade, students should be refining the core writing skills of brainstorming, researching, outlining, drafting, and revising. In order to hone these skills, seventh-grade students need regular practice writing a variety of essay styles, including narrative, persuasive, expository, and creative essays. The following essay prompts offer age-appropriate starting points to help seventh graders flex their writing muscles. Narrative Essay Writing Prompts Narrative essays share a personal experience to tell a story,  usually  to make a point rather than  merely to  entertain. These narrative essay prompts encourage students to describe and reflect on a story thats meaningful to them. Embarrassing Pasts - As people get older, they are sometimes embarrassed by things they used to like, such as toys, television shows, or nicknames. Describe  something that you used to enjoy that you now find embarrassing. Why is it embarrassing now?Bonds of Hardship - Sometimes difficulties  draw families closer.  Describe something that your family endured together that strengthened your relationships.There’s No Place Like Home - What makes your hometown special?  Explain this special quality.New Kid  in Town  - Being  new  to a  town or school can be challenging because you don’t know anyone, or exciting because no one knows you and your past. Describe a time when you were the new kid.Finders Keepers  -  Write about a time when you lost (or found) something of value. How did that experience affect your opinion of the saying, â€Å"Finders keepers; losers weepers?Follow the Leader -  Describe a time when you were in a leadership role.  How d id it make you feel? What did you learn from the experience? April Fools -  Write about the best prank you’ve ever played on someone (or had played on you).  What made it so clever or funny?Bon Appetit - Special meals can be powerful memory-makers. Write about a specific meal that stands out in your memory. What made it so unforgettable?Bon Voyage - Family trips and vacations also create lasting memories. Write an essay  detailing  your favorite family vacation memory.Batter Up -  Write about a valuable lesson that you learned while playing your favorite sport.Best Friends Forever -  Describe your friendship with your BFF and what makes it so important to you.The Real Me -  What is one thing you wish your parents, teachers, or coaches really understood or knew about you?TV  -  Explain what makes your  favorite television show  so enjoyable or relatable to you. Persuasive Essay Writing Prompts Persuasive essays use facts and reasoning to convince the reader to embrace the writer’s opinion or take a course of action. These essay prompts empower seventh graders to write persuasively about an issue they genuinely care about.   Outdated Laws - What is one law or family or school rule that you think needs to be changed?  Convince lawmakers, your parents, or school leaders to make the change.Bad Ads - Advertising can have a powerful impact on consumers.  What is a  product that you’ve seen advertised that you don’t think should be? Explain why  the media should quit showing these ads.Puppy Love - You want a pet, but your parents don’t think you need one. What would you say to change their minds?Lights, Camera - What is your favorite book of all time? Write an essay  convincing  a producer to make a movie about it.Snooze Button - Studies have shown that tweens and teens need more sleep.  Write a proposal for a later school  start time.Body Shop - Magazines can negatively impact their readers’ body image by using edited images of models. Convince a teen magazine publisher that they should not use heavily-edited model images in their publication.It Can’t Be Over - The  network is canceling  your favorite television  show. Write a paper convincing the station that they’re making a mistake. Curfews -  Some malls have policies forbidding kids under 18 to be at the mall without adult supervision during certain times. Do you think this is fair or unfair? Defend your position.Team Spirit - Should homeschooled students be allowed to play sports on public or private school teams? Why or why not?Smartphones - All of your friends have the latest smartphone, but you only have a â€Å"dumb phone.† Should your parents  upgrade your phone, or are smartphones for middle school kids a bad idea?Bullies - Some dogs, such as pit bulls or  Dobermans, are labeled â€Å"bully breeds.†Ã‚  Is this label deserved or undeserved?Money Can’t Buy You Love - People say that money can’t buy  happiness, but some studies have shown that people with higher incomes may be happier. Do you think  this is true? Why or why not?Ratings -  There are age restrictions on movies and video games, ratings on  television shows, and  warning labels on music. Computers and smartphones offer parental controls. Do adults have too much control over what kids watch and listen to or do these restrictions serve a valuable purpose? Expository Essay Writing Prompts Expository essays describe a process or provide factual information. These prompts can serve as jumping-off points for the explanatory process.   School’s in Session - Would you rather attend public school, private school, or be homeschooled. Explain the benefits of your choice.Admiration  -  Who do you  admire from your life or history? Write an essay describing how their character or contributions to their community have earned your respect.Global Community -  If you could live anywhere in the world, where would you live? Write about your dream hometown and why you want to live there.Peer Problems - Peer pressure and bullying can make life as a middle school student difficult.  Describe a time you were pressured or bullied and how it affected you.Order Up -  A friend wants to learn how to make your favorite food.  Detail the process, step-by-step, so your friend can recreate the dish.Addictions - Many  people are impacted by drug or alcohol addictions. Share facts about how  the  use of these substances negatively affects families or communities.  Serve Others - Community service is a valuable ex perience. Describe a time you volunteered. What did you do and how did it make you feel? City or Country Mouse - Do you live in a big city or a small town? Explain why you do or don’t like living there.Aspirations - What  do you want to be when you’re an adult? Explain why you’d choose that  career  or what you’ll do to prepare for it.Point in Time - Sometimes people bury time capsules so  future generations can learn about the past. What would you  include to give an accurate snapshot of life in the current time?Hobbyist  -  You’re  friend  wants to take up your favorite hobby. Explain  it to him.SOS - A natural disaster has destroyed homes and businesses in a nearby city. Describe what you can do to help.Wonder Twin Power  - Some superheroes can fly or  become invisible. If you could have any superpower, what would it be and why? Creative Essay Writing Prompts Creative essays are fictional stories.  They use  plot, character, and dialog to engage and entertain the reader. These prompts will get the creative juices flowing.   Fan Fic -  Write a story about your favorite characters from a book, film, or television show.Cats vs. Dogs - You have two pets of different species. Write a story from their point of view about a day  at home alone.Time Travel - You find a time machine in your backyard. What happens when you step inside?Dream State - Think about a time when you woke in the middle of a vivid dream. What would have happened if the dream  hadn’t been interrupted?New Door  -  You’ve just  discovered a door that you’ve never seen before. What happens when you walk through it?Secret Keeper - You find out your best friend has kept a secret from you. What is the secret and why didn’t your friend tell you?Fridge Fun - Write a story from the perspective of an item in your refrigerator.Desert Island - You’ve just discovered an uncharted island. What happens next?Fly on the Wall  - You  see two people talking excitedly, but you can’t hear what theyâ€⠄¢re saying.  Write a story about what they might be saying.Special Delivery - You receive a battered package in the mail. Write a story about its journey from the sender to you. A Mile in My Shoes - You find a pair of shoes in the thrift store and put them on. Suddenly you find yourself transported into someone else’s life. Describe what happens.Mission to Mars - Imagine that you’re a pioneer to start a colony on Mars. Write about a typical day on your new planet.Snow Days - You find yourself snowed in for a week with your family. There is no electricity or phone service.  What do you do for fun?